Kawatsu, K., Ushio, M., van Veen, F. F. & Kondoh, M. Are networks of trophic interactions sufficient for Understanding the dynamics of multi-trophic communities? Analysis of a tri‐trophic insect food‐web time‐series. Ecol. Lett. 24(3), 543–552 (2021).
Fei, M., Gols, R. & Harvey, J. A. The biology and ecology of parasitoid wasps of predatory arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 68(1), 109–128 (2023).
Miller, K. E., Polaszek, A. & Evans, D. M. A dearth of data: fitting parasitoids into ecological networks. Trends Parasitol. 37(10), 863–874 (2021).
Schmitz, O. J., Hambäck, P. A. & Beckerman, A. P. Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of carnivore removals on plants. Amer Nat. 155, 141–153 (2000).
Finch, O. D. The parasitoid complex and parasitoid-induced mortality of spiders (Araneae) in a central European woodland. J. Nat. Hist. 39(25), 2339–2354 (2005).
Debnath, R., Rajmohana, K., Sen, S., Shabnam, A. & Dinesh, K. P. On Baeine wasps (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) as egg parasitoids of myrmecomorph spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from India, along with description of a new species of Idris Förster. Zool. Anz. 309, 66–74 (2024).
Austin, A. D., Johnson, N. F. & Dowton, M. Systematics, evolution, and biology of scelionid and platygastrid wasps. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 50(1), 553–582 (2005).
Sunita, P. & Rajmohana, K. On a new species of Neoceratobaeus Rajmohana (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) from India. Entomon 44(4), 269–274 (2019).
Johnson, N. F., Chen, H. & Huber, B. A. New species of Idris Förster (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea) from Southeast Asia, parasitoids of the eggs of pholcid spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae). Zookeys 811, 65–80 (2018).
Triana, E., Barrantes, G. & Hanson, P. Incidence of parasitoids and predators on eggs of seven species of Therididae (Araneae). Arachnology 15(9), 293–298 (2012).
Austin, A. D. The function of spider egg sacs in relation to parasitoids and predators, with special reference to the Australian fauna. J. Nat. Hist. 19(2), 359–376 (1985).
Richman, D. B. & Jackson, R. R. A review of the ethology of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae). Bull. Br. Arachnol Soc. 9(2), 33–37 (1992).
Hrcek, J. A. N., Miller, S. E., Quicke, D. L. & Smith, M. A. Molecular detection of trophic links in a complex insect host–parasitoid food web. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 11(5), 786–794 (2011).
Kartzinel, T. R. & Pringle, R. M. Molecular detection of invertebrate prey in vertebrate diets: trophic ecology of Caribbean Island lizards. Mol. Ecol. Res. 15, 903–914 (2015).
Wirta, H. K. et al. Complementary molecular information changes our perception of food web structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 111, 1885–1890 (2014).
Hata, H. et al. Diet disparity among sympatric herbivorous cichlids in the same ecomorphs in lake Tanganyika: amplicon pyrosequences on algal farms and stomach contents. BMC Biol. 12, 90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-014-0090-4 (2014).
Šigut, M. et al. Performance of DNA metabarcoding, standard barcoding, and morphological approach in the identification of host-parasitoid interactions. PloS One. 12(12), e0187803. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187803 (2017).
Sow, A. et al. Deciphering host-parasitoid interactions and parasitism rates of crop pests using DNA metabarcoding. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 3646. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40243-z (2019).
Sow, A., Haran, J., Benoit, L., Galan, M. & Brévault, T. DNA metabarcoding as a tool for disentangling food webs in agroecosystems. Insects 11(5), 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11050294 (2020).
Toju, H. & Baba, Y. G. DNA metabarcoding of spiders, insects, and springtails for exploring potential linkage between above-and below-ground food webs. Zoological Lett. 4, 1–12 (2018).
Liu, M., Clarke, L. J., Baker, S. C., Jordan, G. J. & Burridge, C. P. A practical guide to DNA metabarcoding for entomological ecologists. Ecol. Entomol. 45(3), 373–385 (2020).
Masner, L. Revisionary notes and keys to world genera of scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 108(S97), 1–87 (1976).
Valerio, A. A., Austin, A. D., Masner, L. & Johnson, N. F. Systematics of old world Odontacolus Kieffer S.l. (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae S.l.): parasitoids of spider eggs. Zookeys 314, 1–151 (2013).
Polaszek, A. & LaSalle, J. The hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae, Encyriidae, Eulophidae, Eurytomidae) of cereal stem borers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Pyralidae) in Africa. Afr. Entomol. 3(2), 131–146 (1995).
Leray, M. et al. A new versatile primer set targeting a short fragment of the mitochondrial COI region for metabarcoding metazoan diversity: application for characterizing coral reef fish gut contents. Front. Zool. 10, 1–14 (2013).
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 3(5), 294–299 (1994).
Bolyen, E. et al. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible Microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 852–857 (2019).
Rajmohana, K., Debnath, R., Sushama, V., Sen, S. & Dinesh, K. P. Weaving a new web: gregarious parasitism in Idris Förster (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) attacking spider eggs. PLoS ONE. 20(2), e0319209 (2025).
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35(6), 1547–1549 (2018).
RStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. RStudio (PBC, 2023). https://posit.co/
Marques, V. et al. Blind assessment of vertebrate taxonomic diversity across Spatial scales by clustering environmental DNA metabarcoding sequences. Ecography 43(12), 1779–1790 (2020).
Bohmann, K. et al. Environmental DNA for wildlife biology and biodiversity monitoring. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29, 358–367 (2014).
Deiner, K. et al. Environmental DNA metabarcoding: transforming how we survey animal and plant communities. Mol. Ecol. 26, 5872–5895 (2017).
Elbrecht, V. et al. Validation of COI metabarcoding primers for terrestrial arthropods. PeerJ 7, e7745 (2019).
Herrera-Mesías, F., Jarboui, I. K. E. & Weigand, A. M. A metabarcoding framework for wild bee assessment in Luxembourg. J. Hymenopt Res. 94, 215–246 (2022).
Ficetola, G. F. et al. An in Silico approach for the evaluation of DNA barcodes. BMC Genom. 11, 1–10 (2010).
Matsuo, K., Ganaha-Kikumura, T., Ohno, S. & Yukawa, J. Description of a new species of Aphanogmus Thomson (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronidae) that parasitizes acarivorous gall midges of Feltiella (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) in Japan. ZooKeys 596, 77–85 (2016).
Topakcı, N. Spider mite predator Feltiella Acarisuga(Vallot, 1827) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in greenhouse strawberry cultivation in Antalya Province: recognition, population dynamics and parasitization by Aphanogmus Sp. Turk. J. Entomol. 46(1), 25–36 (2022).
Fagan, W. F. & Denno, R. F. Stoichiometry of actual vs. potential predator-prey interactions: insights into nitrogen limitation for arthropod predators. Ecol. Lett. 7, 876–883 (2004).
Harvey, J. A., Wagenaar, R. & Bezemer, T. M. Interactions to the fifth trophic level: secondary and tertiary parasitoid wasps show extraordinary efficiency in utilizing host resources. J. Anim. Ecol. 78(3), 686–692 (2009).
Foelix, R. Biology of Spiders (Oxford University Press, 2011).
Darling, J. A., Jerde, C. L. & Sepulveda, A. J. What do you mean by false positive? Environ. DNA. 3(5), 879–883 (2021).
Fitton, M. G., Shaw, M. R. & Austin, A. D. The hymenoptera associated with spiders in Europe. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 90(1), 65–93 (1987).
Quicke, D. L. J. Parasitic Wasps 470 (Chapman and Hall, 1997).
Patra, S. et al. A novel host association of Idris Förster (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) with description of a new species from India. J. Nat. Hist. 58(1–4), 189–203 (2024).
Rameshkumar, A. et al. Fauna of India Checklist. Arthropoda: Insecta: Hymenoptera. Version 1.0 (Zoological Survey India, 2024). https://doi.org/10.26515/Fauna/1/2023/Arthropoda:Insecta:Hymenoptera
Veenakumari, K. & Mohanraj Prashanth, M. P. Odontacolus markadicus sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea: Platygastridae)-an addition to the platygastrid fauna of India. J. Biol. Control. 25(2), 188–192 (2011).
Mukundan, S., Rajmohana, K. & Bijoy, C. A biosystematic account on Baeini wasps (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), the little known natural enemy complex of Spiders in India. In Proceedings of 26th Kerala Science Congress 28–31 (2014).
Gariepy, T. D. et al. A modified DNA barcode approach to define trophic interactions between native and exotic pentatomids and their parasitoids. Mol. Ecol. 28(2), 456–470 (2019).
Gariepy, T. D., Haye, T. & Zhang, J. A molecular diagnostic tool for the preliminary assessment of host–parasitoid associations in biological control programmes for a new invasive pest. Mol. Ecol. 23(15), 3912–3924 (2014).
Gariepy, T. D., Kuhlmann, U., Gillott, C. & Erlandson, M. Parasitoids, predators and PCR: the use of diagnostic molecular markers in biological control of arthropods. J. Appl. Entomol. 131(4), 225–240 (2017).
Elbrecht, V. & Leese, F. Validation and development of COI metabarcoding primers for freshwater macroinvertebrate bioassessment. Front. Environ. Sci. 5, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2017.00011 (2017).
