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Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Panu Somervuo, Bess Hardwick, Patrik Lauha & Otso Ovaskainen
Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
Tomas Roslin, Deirdre Kerdraon, Gaia Giedre Banelyte, Arielle Farrell & Hanna M. K. Rogers
Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Tomas Roslin
Madagascar Biodiversity Center, Antananarivo, Madagascar
Brian L. Fisher, Dimby Raharinjanahary & Eric Tsiriniaina Rajoelison
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
Brian L. Fisher
Faculty of Agriculture/Environment/Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences HTW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Lukas Griem
Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Petteri Lehikoinen, Esko Piirainen, Markus Lumme & Ville-Matti Riihikoski
Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Pekka Niittynen
School of Natural Resources and Environment, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation & Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Orlando Acevedo-Charry
Colecciones Biológicas, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva, Colombia
Orlando Acevedo-Charry, Angela M. Mendoza-Henao & Yurani Nayive Pantoja-Diaz
Tyson Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
Solny A. Adalsteinsson, Anahi Aviles Gamboa, Elizabeth G. Biro & Erin O’Connell
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
Maaz Ahmad
Companhia das Lezírias S.A., Samora Correia, Portugal
Sandra Alcobia
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Sandra Alcobia, Rui Rebelo, Inês T. Rosário & Margarida Santos-Reis
Faroe Islands National Museum (Tjóðsavnið), Hoyvík, Faroe Islands
Jón Aldará, Leivur Janus Hansen, Kolbrún Í Haraldsstovu & Agnes-Katharina Kreiling
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
Nigel R. Andrew
Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Sten Anslan, Sergei Põlme & Leho Tedersoo
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
Sten Anslan, Phillip C. Watts & Otso Ovaskainen
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
Alexandre Antonelli
Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
Alexandre Antonelli
Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Alexandre Antonelli
Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
Julieta Soledad Arena, Luciano Cagnolo & Jeremías Domínguez Masciale
Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Tiputini, Ecuador
Santiago Arroyo Almeida, Luis Alberto Ganchozo Intriago, Gonzalo Rivas Torres, Catalina Ulloa Espinosa & Ciara Wirth
Department of Natural History Collections and Research Centre (SFZ), Tiroler Landesmuseen-Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H., Hall in Tirol, Austria
Ines Aster, Mario Baldauf & Benjamin Schattanek-Wiesmair
Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Hannu Autto, Oula Kalttopää, Kalevi Laurila, Maija Sujala & Silja Veikkolainen
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Joaquín Baixeras
CRIMAC, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Amendolara, Italy
Rosario Balestrieri
Western Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Adrian Barrett & Adrian Pinder
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
Pedro Beja, Luís P. Da Silva, Patrícia Guedes, Vanessa A. Mata & Luke L. Powell
BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
Pedro Beja, Luís P. Da Silva, Patrícia Guedes, Vanessa A. Mata & Luke L. Powell
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Instituto de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Pedro Beja
Fundação Antonelli Brasil, Nova Friburgo, Brazil
Thomas Olof Berg, Thiago Dorigo & Paula Moraes Leitman
ECOBIO-UMR 6553, CNRS, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
Benjamin Bergerot, Pascaline Le Gouar & Annegret Nicolai
Instituto de Ecología Regional, CONICET-UNT, Yerba Buena, Argentina
Pedro G. Blendinger & Gabriela Giselle Mangini
Chrono-environnement, UMR 6249, Université Marie et Louis Pasteur, CNRS, Besançon, France
Loïc Bollache, Olivier Gilg & Thomas Pagnon
Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Arctique, Francheville, France
Loïc Bollache, Olivier Gilg, Vladimir Gilg, Jérôme Moreau & Thomas Pagnon
European Forest Institute (EFI)—Barcelona Office Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat
Laboratoire Biodiversité et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Campus Sciences et Technologies, Beirut, Lebanon
Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat, Rhea Kahale, Mehsen Makari & Carole Saliba
Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, Université de Tours, CNRS, Tours, France
Stephane Boyer, Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde, Sebastien Moreau, Esteban Moyer & Fabrice Vannier
Department of Ecology and Genetics/Erken Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Erika Bridell, William Colom Montero, Silke Langenheder & Robyn Övergaard
Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Western Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Martyn Brotherson & Ryan Glowacki
Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystem Research Unit, Department of Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
Leslie Robert Brown, Malibongwe Sithole, Daleen Steenkamp & Willem Maartin Strauss
School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Hannah L. Buckley & Bradley S. Case
Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Erika Buscardo & Douglas Santos
Biodiversity Management Department, eThekwini Municipality, Durban, South Africa
Nokuphila Buthelezi, Philile Dladla, Errol Douwes & Monica Ndlovu
Department of Botany and Zoology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
Alice Calvente
ARDEA—Association for Research, Dissemination and Environmental Education, Napoli, Italy
Giovanni Capobianco
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S. C. (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
Laura Carreón-Palau
Environment and Natural Resources (now Environment and Climate Change), Government of Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
Suzanne Carriere
Agricultural Chemistry Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City, Taiwan
Jenyu Chang & Chi-Ling Chen
National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Madrid, Spain
Juan Matías Chaparro
Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
Christine Chicoine, Nicolas Lecomte & Erin Lecomte
Canada Research Chair in Polar and Boreal Ecology & Centre d’Études Nordiques, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
Christine Chicoine
Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
Madeleine Christensson, Linda Höglund & Gunnar Jansson
Servici Devesa-Albufera (Ayuntamiento de Valencia), València, Spain
Francisco Collado Rosique, David Herrera Báez & Rebeca Navarro Canales
Monte Pico Association, Monte Café, São Tomé and Príncipe
Ricardo do Sacramento da Fonseca
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
Anamaria Dal Molin
Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
Tad Dallas
Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, Termoli, Italy
Maria Carla de Francesco, Micaela Del Valle Rasino & Angela Stanisci
Colectivo de Académicos Sudcalifornianos A.C., La Paz, Mexico
Jorge Arturo Del Ángel-Rodríguez
ICTS-RBD, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Seville, Spain
Ricardo Díaz-Delgado
Environment Agency Austria, Vienna, Austria
Thomas Dirnböck, Ika Djukic & Gisela Pröll
Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Thiago Dorigo
School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
Errol Douwes
Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Torbjørn Ekrem, Mohsen Falahati-Anbaran & Elisabeth Stur
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Helena Enderskog
Svartberget Research Station, Unit for Field-based Forest Research, Swedish University of Agicultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Charlotta Erefur
International School and College of Cordoba, Batkhela Campus, Malakand, Pakistan
Muhammad Fahad
Guelph University, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Gabriel Ferland & Elise Imbeau
CNR—Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque, Brugherio, Italy
Emanuele Ferrari
Department of Forestry Engineering, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
Axa Figueiredo
Reserva Natural y Cascadas Los Tucanes, Gachantivá, Colombia
Fernando Forero
Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
Inga Freiberga, Marketa Houska Tahadlova, Anna Mrazova, Katerina Sam & Elise Sivault
Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Andrea Frosch-Radivo, Brigitte Gottsberger, Denise Hohenbühel & Irmgard Krisai-Greilhuber
Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), National Research Council, Verbania Pallanza, Italy
Laura Garzoli, Paola Giacomotti, Simona Musazzi & Arianna Orru
Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
Andros T. Gianuca
Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, Iceland
Fanney Gísladóttir & Jónína Svavarsdóttir
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
Jocelyn Gregoire
Dead Sea and Arava Science Center (Ramon Branch), Mitzpe Ramon, Israel
Elli Groner & Maor Tiko Tikochinsky
Ben Gurion University (Eilat Campus), Beer Sheva, Israel
Elli Groner
Wek’èezhìi Renewable Resources Board, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
Aimee Michelle Guile & Laura Meinert
Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Peter Haase
Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Peter Haase & Stefan Stoll
Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Malakand, Pakistan
Fazal Hadi
Naturpark Karwendel, Hall in Tirol, Austria
Magdalena Haidegger & Sebastian Pilloni
Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
Lars Holst Hansen & Niels Martin Schmidt
Collections Team, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Reid Harrop & Jana Helga Wisniewski
Station Linne, Färjestaden, Sweden
Harald Havnås, Dave Karlsson & Mårten Klinth
Taxonomy Team, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Barcode of Life Data System, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Chris C. Y. Ho & Mark Tristan Quilantang
Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
Marketa Houska Tahadlova, Anna Mrazova, Katerina Sam & Elise Sivault
Archipelago Research Institute, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Jari Hänninen, Jasmin Inkinen & Johannes Sahlstén
Ashiu Forest Research Station, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Masae Iwamoto Ishihara, Keishi Kimoto & Shunsuke Matsuoka
Toolik Field Station, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
Abigail C. Jackson, Mayra Meléndez-González & Amanda B. Young
Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
Abigail C. Jackson, Mayra Meléndez-González & Amanda B. Young
Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Rohit Jha, Daijiang Li & Evelin Reyes
Bereich Naturschutz & Geoinformationstechnik, Stadt Wien, Wien, Austria
Gerald Kager
Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya
Elizabeth Wanjiru Karai, Shadrack Chumo Kipngetich & Nancy Wangari Mungai
Nationalparkamt Hunsrück-Hochwald, Birkenfeld, Germany
Andrea Kaus-Thiel
Department of Botany, Government Degree College Totakan, Malakand, Pakistan
Asghar Khan
Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Malakand, Pakistan
Qaisar Khan
Hokkaido Forest Research Station, Field Science and Education Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Keishi Kimoto
SITES (Swedish Infrastructure for Ecosystem Sciences), Uppsala, Sweden
Clemens Klante & Juha Rankinen
Sweden Water Research, Lund, Sweden
Clemens Klante & Juha Rankinen
Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Clemens Klante
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Leif Klemedtsson, Tobias Rütting & Per Weslien
Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, Konnevesi, Finland
Janne Koskinen & Saana Tepsa
Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Matti Kotakorpi, John Loehr, Janne Sundell, Esa-Pekka Tuominen & Joni Uusitalo
Unit for Field-based Forest Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Erik Kristensen
Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
Sebastian König, Michael Maroschek, Sebastian Seibold & Rupert Seidl
Research and Monitoring, Berchtesgaden National Park, Berchtesgaden, Germany
Sebastian König, Michael Maroschek, Sebastian Seibold & Rupert Seidl
Centre d’Études Nordiques, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
Nicolas Lecomte
Canada Research Chair in Polar and Boreal Ecology, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
Nicolas Lecomte & Erin Lecomte
Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Paula Moraes Leitman
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Paula Moraes Leitman
El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Unidad San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
Jorge L. León-Cortés & Andrea Murillo-Vázquez
INRAE, UR633, Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France
Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
Thais Mazzafera
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
Paul G. McDonald & Karl Vernes
Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
Jérôme Moreau
Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-bois, France
Jérôme Moreau
Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
Jesper Mosbacher
WILDTRUST, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Samantha Mteshane
Agricultores de la Vega SA, Valencia, Spain
Gema Muñoz Herraiz
Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Marko Mutanen, Mikko Vallinmäki & Emma Vatka
Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
Jörg Müller, Franziska Retz & Elisa Stengel
University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Jörg Müller
Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
Jörg Müller & Linda Seifert
Living Lab CLEF, Plélan-le-Grand, France
Annegret Nicolai
Panguana Foundation, Munich, Germany
Armin Niessner
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
Jenni Nordén
Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Paweł Nowak & Ireneusz Smerczyński
Programa de Ecología, Fundación Universitaria de Popayán, Popayán Cauca, Colombia
Yurani Nayive Pantoja-Diaz
Canadian National Collection of Insects (Arachnids and Nematodes), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Mikko Pentinsaari
Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Mikko Pentinsaari
Laboratory of Bioacoustics and EcoAcoustic Research Hub, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
Thiago A. Pinheiro & Renata S. Sousa-Lima
Ecology Graduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
Thiago A. Pinheiro
Biodiversity Initiative, Houghton, MI, USA
Luke L. Powell
Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
Paola Pulido-Santacruz
Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
Paola Pulido-Santacruz
Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
Enrique Queralt
Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Western Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Kirsty Quinlan
Tagis—Centro de Conservação das Borboletas de Portugal, Lisboa, Portugal
Ricardo Ramirez
University of Applied Sciences Trier, Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, Birkenfeld, Germany
Wolfram Remmers & Stefan Stoll
CIAT—Centro de Investigação Agronómica e Tecnologia, São Tomé, South Africa
Sidney Rosário Da Rosàrio da Costa
Oulanka Research Station, Kuusamo, Finland
Teppo Salmirinne
Lebanese Association for Migratory Birds, Zgharta, Lebanon
Michel Sawan
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Pauliina Schiestl-Aalto
Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
Niels Martin Schmidt
Forest Zoology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Tharandt, Germany
Sebastian Seibold
North Slave Métis Alliance, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
Jessica Smart
Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Ayaka Soda
Centre for Biodiversity and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Margaret C. Stanley
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Leho Tedersoo
Kalkalpen National Park, Molln, Austria
Stefanie Tweraser
Ecology and Data Science, University College, London, London, UK
Catalina Ulloa Espinosa
BirdLife International, Água Grande, South Africa
Abigail Varela
Our contribution addresses global patterns, the resolution of which relies on the time, effort and data contributed by each participating author. Thus, the full project is a team effort. As all co-authors checked the paper and provided comments and corrections as needed, we here detail only the most comprehensive co-author contributions. P.S. performed the analyses. T. Roslin acquired funding, conceived the study, developed the sampling methods and wrote the first draft of the paper. B.L.F. acquired funding and participated in project coordination and data collection. B.H. participated in project coordination and data collection, and managed the data. D. Kerdraon participated in project coordination, logistics and data collection. D.R. participated in project coordination, logistics and data collection. E.T.R. participated in project coordination, logistics and data collection. P. Lauha participated in analyses. L. Griem checked bird identifications. P. Lehikoinen participated in developing the sampling methods. P. Niittynen participated in analyses. G.G.B., A. Farrell and H.M.K.R. participated in project coordination, logistics and data collection. R.S.S.-L. participated in paper conceptualization. O.O. acquired funding, conceived the study, supervised the analyses and co-wrote the paper.
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