Waikagul, J. & Thaenkham, U. Approaches To Research on the Systematics of Fish Borne Trematodes1–16 (Academic, 2014).
Chai, J. & Jung, B. Epidemiology of trematode infections: an update. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1154, 359–409 (2019).
Toledo, R., Esteban, J. G. & Fried, B. Current status of food-borne trematode infections. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31, 1705–1718 (2012).
Keiser, J. & Utzinger, J. Food-borne trematodiases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 22, 466–483 (2009).
Murell, K. & Pozio, E. The Liver Flukes: Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis spp, and Metorchis spp. in Global Water Pathogen Project (eds. Rose, J. B. & Jiménez-Cisneros) (2017). https://www.waterpathogens.org/book/liver-flukes
IARC. Infection with liver flukes (Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus and Clonorchis sinensis). IARC Monogr. Eval Carcinog. Risks Hum. 61, 121–175 (1994).
World Health Organization. Control of foodborne trematode infections. World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser. 849, 1–157 (1995).
Pozio, E., Armignacco, O., Ferri, F. & Gomez Morales, M. A. Opisthorchis felineus, an emerging infection in Italy and its implication for the European union. Acta Trop. 126, 54–62 (2013).
Caffara, M., Gustinelli, A., Mazzone, A. & Fioravanti, M. L. Multiplex PCR for simultaneous identification of the most common European opisthorchiid and heterophyid in fish or fish products. Food Waterborne Parasitol. 19, e00081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00081 (2020).
Duflot, M., Setbon, T., Midelet, G., Brauge, T. & Gay, M. A review of molecular identification tools for the opisthorchioidea. J. Microbiol. Methods. 187, 1–12 (2021).
Moszczynska, A., Locke, S. A., McLaughlin, J. D., Marcogliese, D. J. & Crease, T. J. Development of primers for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene in digenetic trematodes (Platyhelminthes) illustrates the challenge of barcoding parasitic helminths. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 9, 75–82 (2009).
Selbach, C., Soldánová, M., Feld, C. K., Kostadinova, A. & Sures, B. Hidden parasite diversity in a European freshwater system. Sci. Rep. 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59548-5 (2020).
Thaenkham, U., Chaisiri, K. & Chan, A. Molecular Systematics of Parasitic Helminths. 396 ppSpringer,. (2022).
Sándor, D. et al. An investigation of the host-specificity of metacercariae of species of Apophallus in freshwater fishes using morphological, experimental and molecular methods. Parasitol. Res. 116, 3065–3076 (2017).
Chan, A. H. E., Kittipong, C., Saralamba, S., Morand, S. & Thaenkham, U. Assessing the suitability of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA genetic markers for molecular systematics and species identification of helminths. Parasites Vectors. 14, 233 (2021).
Dayrat, B. Towards integrative taxonomy. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 85, 407–415 (2005).
Gibson, G. & Reed, L. K. Cryptic genetic variation. Curr. Biol. 18, R989–R990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.011 (2008).
Nadler, S. Pérez-Ponce de león, G. Integrating molecular and morphological approaches for characterizing parasite cryptic species: implications for parasitology. Parasitology 138, 1688–1709 (2011).
Hering-Hagenbeck, S. & Schuster, R. A focus of opisthorchiidosis in Germany. Appl. Parasitol. 37, 260–265 (1996).
Schuster, R., Wanjek, C. & Hering-Hagenbeck, S. Untersuchung von Karpfenfischen (Cyprinidae) auf Metazerkarien der familie Opisthorchiidae. Mitt Österr Ges Tropenmed Parasitol. 20, 123–130 (1998).
Schuster, R., Bonin, J., Staubach, C. & Heidrich, R. Liver fluke (Opisthorchiidae) findings in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the Eastern part of the federal state brandenburg, Germany – A contribution to the epidemiology of opisthorchiidosis. Parasitol. Res. 85, 142–146 (1999).
Schuster, R., Wanjek, K. & Schein, E. Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von muskelmetazerkarien Bei Plötzen (Rutilus rutilus) Aus Berliner gewässern. Ein beitrag Zur lebensmittelhygienischen relevanz einheimicher Süßwasserfische. Arch. Lebensm Hyg. 52, 102–104 (2001).
Schuster, R. et al. Seroepidemiological survey on the occurrence of opisthorchiid liver flukes in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in berlin, Germany. Parasitol. Res. 90, 400–404 (2003).
Schuster, R., Specht, P. & Rieger, S. On the helminth fauna of the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) (Linnaeus, 1766)) in the Barnim district of Brandenburg state/germany. Animals 11, 2444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082444 (2021).
Kocour et al. Performance of different tench, Tinca tinca (L.), groups under semi-intensive pond conditions: it is worth Establishing a coordinated breeding program. Rev. Fish. Biol. Fisheries. 20, 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-009-9140-3 (2010).
Arlinghaus, R., Mehner, T. A. & Management-Orientated Comparative analysis of urban and rural anglers living in a metropolis (Berlin, Germany). Environ. Manage. 33, 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0025-x (2004).
Crotti, D., D’Annibale, M. L. & Crotti, S. Opisthorchiasi autoctona al Lago Trasimeno (Perugia): Descrizione Di due episodi epidemici Da Opisthorchis felineus e problematiche Diagnostiche Differenziali. Microbilologia Med. 22, 36–41 (2007).
Armignacco, O. et al. Human illnesses caused by Opisthorchis felineus flukes, Italy. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 1902–1905 (2008).
Pikalov, E. Fischparasiten in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und nordeuropäischen Süßgewässern. Dissertation, University of Rostock, 1–411. (2017). https://rosdok.uni-rostock.de/file/rosdok_disshab_0000001816/rosdok_derivate_0000038042/Dissertation_Pikalov_2017.pdf
Sokolov, S., Kalmykov, A., Frolov, E. & Atopkin, D. Taxonomic Myths and phylogenetic realities in the systematics of the Opisthorchiidae (Trematoda). Zoolog. Scr. 51, 232–245 (2022).
Sherrard-Smith, E. et al. Distribution and molecular phylogeny of biliary trematodes (Opisthorchiidae) infecting native Lutra lutra and alien Neovison vison across Europe. Parasitol. Int. 65, 163–170 (2016).
Locke, S. A., Daniel McLaughlin, J. & Marcogliese, D. J. DNA barcodes show cryptic diversity and a potential physiological basis for host specificity among Diplostomoidea (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) parasitizing freshwater fishes in the st. Lawrence river, Canada. Mol. Ecol. 19 (13), 2813–2827. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04713.x (2010).
Locke, S. A., McLaughlin, J. D., Lapierre, A. R., Johnson, P. T. & Marcogliese, D. J. Linking larvae and adults of Apharyngostrigea cornu, Hysteromorpha triloba, and Alaria mustelae (Diplostomoidea: Digenea) using molecular data. J. Parasitol. 97 (5), 846–851. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-2775.1 (2011).
Cacciò, S. M., Chalmers, R. M., Dorny, P. & Robertson, L. J. Foodborne parasites: outbreaks and outbreak investigations. A meeting report from the European network for foodborne parasites (Euro-FBP). Food Waterb Parasitol. 10, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2018.01.001 (2018).
De Liberato, C. et al. Investigation on Opisthorchis felineus occurrence and life cycle in Italy. Vet. Parasitol. 177, 67–71 (2011).
Besprozvannykh, V., Tatonova, Y. & Shumenko, P. Life cycle, morphology of developmental stages of Metorchis ussuriensis sp. Nov. (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae), and phylogenetic relationships with other opisthorchiids. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 57, 24–40 (2019).
Sitko, J. et al. Integrative taxonomy of European parasitic flatworms of the genus Metorchis looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae). Parasitol. Int. 65, 258–267 (2016).
Vilas, R., Criscione, C. & Blouin, M. A comparison between mitochondrial DNA and the ribosomal internal transcribed regions in prospecting for cryptic species of platyhelminth parasites. Parasitology 131, 839–846 (2005).
Duan, Y., Al-Jubury, A., Kania, P. & Buchmann, K. Trematode diversity reflecting the community structure of Danish freshwater systems: molecular clues. Parasites Vectors. 14, 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04536-x (2021).
Kang, S. et al. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of nuclear rDNA sequences among 43 three opisthorchid liver fluke species (Opisthorchiidae: Trematoda). Parasitol. Int. 57, 191–197 (2008).
Xiao, J. et al. Genetic variation among Clonorchis sinensis isolates from different hosts and geographical locations revealed by sequence analysis of mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA regions. Mitochondrial DNA. 24, 559–564 (2013).
Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I. et al. Key to Parasites of Freshwater Fish of the U.S.S.R. Translated from the Russian (Israel Program for Scientific Translations 1964).
Bauer, O. N. in Key To the Parasites of Freshwater Fish of the U.S.S.R., Volume 3. Parasitic Metazoa (Part 2). 77–198 (eds Russian) (Akademiya Nauka S.S.S.R., 1987).
Skov, J., Kania, P. W., Jørgensen, T. R. & Buchmann, K. Molecular and morphometric study of metacercariae and adults of Pseudamphistomum truncatum (Opisthorchiidae) from Roach (Rutilus rutilus) and wild American Mink (Mustela vison). Vet. Parasitol. 155, 209–216 (2008).
Gaevskaya, A. The World of Human Parasites. I. Trematodes and Trematodes of Food Origin (ECOSI-Hydrophysics, 2015).
Locke, S. et al. Validity of the Diplostomoidea and diplostomida (Digenea, Platyhelminthes) upheld in phylogenomic analysis. Int. J. Parasitol. 48, 1043–1059 (2018).
Niewiadomska, K. Przywry (Trematoda). Część Ogólna; Część systematyczna – Aspidogastrea, Digenea: Strigeida (Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2010).
Ciurea, I. Contributions à l’étude morphologique et biologique de Quelques strigeidés des Oiseaux ichtyophages de La faune de Roumanie (recherches expérimentales). Arch. Roum Pathol. Expérimentale Microbiol. 3, 277–323 (1930).
López-Hernández, D. et al. Molecular, morphological and experimental-infection studies of cercariae of five species in the superfamily Diplostomoidea (Trematoda: Digenea) infecting Biomphalaria straminea (Mollusca: Planorbidae) in Brazil. Acta Trop. 199, 105082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105082 (2019).
Sereno-Uribe, A., López-Jimenez, A., Andrade-Gómez, L. & García-Varela, M. A morphological and molecular study of adults and metacercariae of Hysteromorpha triloba (Rudolpi, 1819), Lutz 1931 (Diplostomidae) from the Neotropical region. J. Helminthol. 93, 91–99 (2019).
Katsurada, F. Studien Über Trematodenlarven Bei süßwasserfischen, Mit besonderer berücksichtung der Elb- und Alsterfische. Zbl Bakt Hyg. 1 Abt Orig A. 73, 304–314 (1914).
Komiya, Y. Die entwicklung des exkretionssystems Einiger Trematodenlarven Aus Alster und elbe, Nebst bemerkungen Über ihren entwicklungszyklus. Z. Parasitenkunde. 10, 625–654 (1938).
Niewiadomska, K. Pasożyty Ryb Polski (klucze Do oznaczania): Przywry – Digenea (Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne, 2003).
Cech, G. et al. Digenean trematodes in Hungarian freshwater aquacultures. Food Waterb Parasitol. 22, e00101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00101 (2020).
Sokolov, S. G., Vlasenkov, S. A., Bugmyrin, S. V., Kalmykov, A. P. & Lebedeva, D. I. Phylogeny and morphology of some European cyathocotylid digeneans (Trematoda: Diplostomoidea). J. Helminthol. 98, e44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X24000348 (2024).
Voronin, V. et al. Distribution of Paracoenogonimus ovatus katsurada, 1914 in fishes of Russia. Bull. Scand. -Nord Soc. Parasitol. 10, 136 (2000).
Näreaho, A. et al. High prevalence of zoonotic trematodes in Roach (Rutilus rutilus) in the Gulf of Finland. Acta Vet. Scand. 59, 75 (2017).
Hawkins, C., Caffrey, J., Stuart, P. & Lawton, C. Biliary parasite Pseudamphistomum truncatum (Opistorchiidae) in American Mink (Mustela vison) and Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in Ireland. Parasitol. Res. 107, 993–997 (2010).
Simakova, A. V. et al. Abundance of Opisthorchis felineus Metacercariae in cyprinid fish in the middle Ob River basin (Tomsk region, Russia). Food Waterb. Parasitol. 22, e00113 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00113 (2021).
Adamczyk, L. B. Nowe i Rzadkie w Faunie Polski Gatunki Pasożytów Ryb [New and rare species of fish parasites in Polish fauna]. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Skłodowska Lub -Pol C. 29, 107–117 (1974).
Linowska, A. & Sobecka, E. Health risks associated with freshwater fish consumption. Eur. J. Nutr. Food Saf. 5, 275–280 (2015).
Ostrowska, K., Wiśniewski, G. & Piasecki, W. Spatial distribution of skin and muscle metacercariae (Digenea) of roach, Rutilus rutilus, and bleak, Alburnus alburnus (Actinopterygii: cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), from an estuary lake in central Europe. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 49, 421–429 (2019).
Goncharov, S. & Soroka, N. The occurrence of Paracoenogonimus ovatus (Trematoda, Cyathocotylidae) in fish of natural reservoirs of Mykolaiv region. Vestnik Zoologii. 49, 421–426 (2015).
Pietrock, M., Wolber, J. E. & Schreckenbach, K. Untersuchungen zur Notwendigkeit und zu Möglichkeiten einer wirksamen Entkeimung des Zuflusswassers der Satzfischanlage Sproitz. Abschlussbericht. Fachmaterial Sächsische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft. (2006). https://www.landwirtschaft.sachsen.de/download/Abschlussbericht_Zerkarien.pdf
Neimanis, A. S. et al. Emergence of the zoonotic biliary trematode pseudamphistomum truncatum in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the Baltic sea. PLOS ONE. 11, e0164782. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164782 (2016).
Chai, J. & Jung, B. General overview of the current status of human foodborne trematodiasis. Parasitology 149, 1262–1285 (2022).
Sándor, D. et al. Digenean Holostephanus (Trematoda: digenea: Cyathocotylidae) metacercariae in common carp (Cyprinus Carpio linnaeus, 1758) muscle: zoonotic potential and sensitivity to physico-chemical treatments. J. Helminthol. 94, e117. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x1900110x (2020).
Enabulele, E. E., Awharitoma, A. O., Lawton, S. P. & Kirk, R. S. First molecular identification of an agent of diplostomiasis, Diplostomum Pseudospathaceum (Niewiadomska 1984) in the united Kingdom and its genetic relationship with populations in Europe. Acta Parasitol. 63 (3), 444–453. https://doi.org/10.1515/ap-2018-005 (2018).
Melling, N., Hohenberger, W. & Yedibela, S. Opisthorchiasis mimicking primary biliary cirrhosis as an indication for liver transplantation. J. Hepatol. 50 (5), 1057–1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2008.11.029 (2009).
FIZ. Fischwirtschaft – Daten und Fakten 20224 Fisch-Informationszentrum e.V. Hamburg (FIZ). (2024). Available at: https://www.aquakulturinfo.de/sites/default/files/media-files/download-files/FIZ_DF_2024.pdf (accessed on 17.03.2025).
Papalini, C. et al. A new human opisthorchiasis outbreak in central italy: a never-ending story. Infection 53, 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02340-8 (2025).
EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards). Re-evaluation of certain aspects of the EFSA scientific opinion of April 2010 on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products, based on new scientific data. Part 1: ToRs1–3. EFSA J. 22, e8719. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8719 (2024).
Menconi, V. et al. The occurrence of freshwater Fish-Borne zoonotic helminths in Italy and neighbouring countries: A systematic review. Animals 13, 3793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13243793 (2023).
Galazzo, D., Dayanandan, S., Marcogliese, D. & McLaughlin, J. Molecular systematics of some North American species of Diplostomum (Digenea) based on rDNA-sequence data and comparisons with European congeners. Can. J. Zool. 80, 2207–2217 (2002).
Gouy, M., Tannier, E., Comte, N. & Parsons, D. P. Seaview version 5: A multiplatform software for multiple sequence alignment, molecular phylogenetic analyses, and tree reconciliation in Multiple sequence alignment. Methods Mol. Biology. 2231, 241–260 (2021).
Edgar, R. C. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 1792–1797 (2004).
Tamura, K., Stecher, G. & Kumar, S. MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis 11. Mol. Biol. Evol. 38, 3022–3027 (2021).
Guindon, S. et al. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst. Biol. 59 (3), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq010 (2010).
Leigh, J. W. & Bryant, D. Popart: full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods Ecol. Evol. 6, 1110–1116 (2015).
Newcombe, R. & Soto, C. Intervalos de confianza Para Las estimaciones de proporciones y Las diferencias entre Ellas. Interdisciplinaria 23, 141–154 (2006).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. (2021). https://www.R-project.org/
