Luyssaert, S. et al. Land management and land-cover change have impacts of similar magnitude on surface temperature. Nature Clim Change 4, 389–393, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2196 (2014).
IPCC. Summary for Policymakers. In: Shukla, P. R. et al. (eds.) Climate Change and Land: an IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. IPCC. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157988.001 (2019).
IPBES. Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Brondizio, E. S., Settele, J., Díaz, S., Ngo, H. T. (Eds.). IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Germany, 1148 pp, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3831673 (2019).
Díaz, S. & Malhi, Y. Biodiversity: Concepts, Patterns, Trends, and Perspectives. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 47, 31–63, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-120120-054300 (2022).
Jaureguiberry, P. et al. The direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss. Sci Adv 8, eabm9982, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm9982 (2022).
Hoffmann, M. et al. The impact of conservation on the status of the world’s vertebrates. Science 330, 1503–1509, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194442 (2010).
Tittensor, D. P. et al. A mid-term analysis of progress toward international biodiversity targets. Science 346, 241–244, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257484 (2014).
Pimm, S. L. et al. The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Science 344, 1246752, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246752 (2014).
European Economic Community (EEC). Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Official Journal of the European Union 206, 7–50. http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1992/43/oj (1992).
European Commission. EU biodiversity strategy for 2030: bringing nature back into our lives. COM(2020) 380 final. European Commission, Brussels. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2779/048 (2020).
Bijlsma, R. J. et al. Defining and Applying the Concept of Favourable Reference Values. Draft technical report. Wageningen: Wageningen Environmental Research, https://doi.org/10.18174/468534 (2017).
European Environment Agency. State of nature in the EU. Results from reporting under the nature directives 2013–2018. EEA Report No. 10/2020. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/state-of-nature-in-the-eu-2020 (2020).
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (2024).
World Administrative Boundaries – Countries and Territories https://public.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/world-administrative-boundaries/export/ (2019).
Biogeographical regions in Europe. European Environment Agency https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/biogeographical-regions-in-europe-2 (2016).
EUNIS -Species database. European Environment Agency https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species.jsp (2018).
Lapini, L. Atelerix algirus (Lereboullet, 1842). Mitchell-Jones, A. J. et al. 34–35, https://doi.org/10.7325/Galemys.2014.A5 (1999).
Amori, G. et al. Atelerix algirus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T27926A22324424. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T27926A22324424.en (2022).
Palomo, L. J. & Gisbert, J. Atlas de los mamiferos terrestres de Espana Direccion General de Conservacion de la Naturaleza. SECEM–SECEMU, Madrid (2002).
El‐Farhati, H., Hizem, M. W. & Nouira, S. Melanistic North African hedgehog Atelerix algirus (Lereboullet, 1842): First report case in Erinaceidae. African Journal of Ecology 61, 496–500, https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.13128 (2023).
Hutterer, R., Ivanova, T., Meyer-Cords, C. & Rodrigues, L. Bat Migrations in Europe: A Review of Banding Data and Literature. (BfN-Schriftenvertrieb im Landwirtschaftsverlag, 2005).
Van der Meij, T. et al. Return of the bats? A prototype indicator of trends in European bat populations in underground hibernacula. Mammalian Biology 80, 170–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2014.09.004 (2015).
Piraccini, R. 2016. Barbastella barbastellus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T2553A22029285. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2553A22029285.en. (2016)
Soria, C. D., Pacifici, M., Di Marco, M., Stephen, S. M. & Rondinini, C. COMBINE: A Coalesced Mammal Database of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Traits. Ecology 102, e3344, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3344 (2021).
Plumb, G. et al. Bison bonasus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T2814A45156279. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T2814A45156279.en (2020).
Boitani, L. et al. Assessment of the conservation status of the Wolf (Canis lupus) in Europe. Report to Bern Convention – Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (2022).
Chapron, G. et al. Recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 346, 1517–1519, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257553 (2014).
Life Wolfalps EU. Monitoring of the wolf population in Austria 2020/2021 https://www.lifewolfalps.eu/en/monitoring-of-the-wolf-population-in-austria-2020-2021/ (2022).
The Federal Documentation and Consultation Centre on Wolves (DBBW-E). Development since 2000. https://www.dbb-wolf.de/wolf-occurrence/confirmed-territories/development-since-2000 (2022).
Carnivores.cz. The annual wolf monitoring confirms two new wolf territories in the Czech Republic. http://www.carnivores.cz/press-news/the-annual-wolf-monitoring-confirms-two-new-wolf-territories-in-the-czech-republic/ (2022).
Clavero, M., García-Reyes, A., Fernández-Gil, A., Revilla, E. & Fernández, N. Where wolves were: setting historical baselines for wolf recovery in Spain. Animal Conservation 26, 239–249, https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12814 (2023).
Heikkinen, S. et al. Susikanta Suomessa maaliskuussa 2022. Luonnonvarakeskus (Luke), https://jukuri.luke.fi/handle/10024/552010 (2022).
Office Français de la Biodiversité (OFB). Situation loup sur le territoire français | OFB | Le loup en France. https://www.loupfrance.fr/suivi-du-loup/situation-du-loup-en-france/ (2018).
Jedrzejewski, W. et al. Habitat suitability model for Polish wolves Canis lupus based on long-term national census. Animal Conservation 11, 377–390, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00193.x (2008).
Hackländer, K., Frair, J. & Ionescu, O. Large Carnivore Monitoring in the Carpathian Mountains. A Joint Publication by the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation and the Secretariat of the Carpathian Convention. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. https://lciepub.nina.no/pdf/638040570557862261_BOKU%20Report%20LC%20Carnivore%20Monitoring.pdf (2022).
Nilsson, T. Integrating effects of hunting policy, catastrophic events, and inbreeding depression, in PVA simulation: the Scandinavian wolf population as an example. Biological Conservation 115, 227–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00120-4 (2004).
Bartol, M. et al. Monitoring of Conservation Status of Wolves in Slovenia in 2020-2021 Season. Final Report Summary, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19474.12486 (2021).
La Morgia, V. et al. Stima della distribuzione e consistenza del lupo a scala nazionale 2020/2021. Relazione tecnica realizzata nell’ambito della convenzione ISPRA-Ministero della Transizione Ecologica “Attività di monitoraggionazionale nell’ambito del Piano di Azione del lupo https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/it/attivita/biodiversita/monitoraggio-nazionale-del-lupo/file-monitoraggio/report-nazionale-lupo-20_21.pdf (2022).
Pérez, J. M. et al. Distribution, status and conservation problems of the Spanish Ibex, Capra pyrenaica (Mammalia: Artiodactyla). Mammal Review 32, 26–39, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00097.x (2002).
Acevedo, P. & Cassinello, J. Biology, ecology and status of Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica: a critical review and research prospectus. Mammal review 39, 17–32, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00138.x (2009).
Herrero, J. et al. Capra pyrenaica (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T3798A195855497. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T3798A195855497.en (2021).
Kryštufek, B. et al. Cricetus cricetus (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T5529A11274553. (2007).
Surov, A., Banaszek, A., Bogomolov, P., Feoktistova, N. & Monecke, S. Dramatic global decrease in the range and reproduction rate of the European hamster Cricetus cricetus. Endangered species research 31, 119–145, https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00749 (2016).
Banaszek, A. et al. Cricetus cricetus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T5529A111875852. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T5529A111875852.en (2020).
Aloise, G., Baldacchino, A. E. & Amori, G. Crocidura sicula Miller, 1900 (Mammalia, Soricidae): a possible new record from Comino island (Maltese Islands). Biodiversity Journal 2, 145–148 (2011).
Amori, G. Crocidura sicula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T29655A2791535. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T29655A2791535.en (2016).
Vogel, P. Crocidura zimmermanni (Wettstein, 1953). In: Mitchell-Jones, A. J. et al. (eds) The Atlas of European Mammals, 74–75. Academic Press, London (1999).
Mitsainas, G. et al. Crocidura zimmermanni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T5588A90818329. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T5588A90818329.en (2019).
Kennerley, R. Crocidura canariensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T5560A3031266. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T5560A3031266.en (2019).
Kryštufek, B. Dinaromys bogdanovi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T6607A97220104. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T6607A97220104.en (2018).
Kryštufek, B. et al. Dryomys nitedula (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T6858A12811578. (2007).
Batsaikhan, N. et al. Dryomys nitedula (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T6858A115084761. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T6858A22222806.en (2016).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Eptesicus anatolicus (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T85198368A210992015. (2023).
Juste, J. Eptesicus isabellinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T85200107A85200275. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T85200107A85200275.en (2016).
Cistrone, L. & Russo, D. Eptesicus isabellinus (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T85200107A210992721 (2023)
Godlevska, L., Kruskop, S.V. & Gazaryan, S. Eptesicus serotinus (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T85199559A195834153. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T85199559A195834153.en (2021)
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Eptesicus serotinus (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T85199559A210995249. (2023).
Gerngross, P. et al. Felis silvestris (amended version of 2022 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T181049859A224982454. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T181049859A224982454.en (2023).
Escoda, L., Fernández‐González, Á. & Castresana, J. Quantitative analysis of connectivity in populations of a semi‐aquatic mammal using kinship categories and network assortativity. Molecular Ecology Resources 19, 310–326, https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12967 (2019).
Quaglietta, L. Galemys pyrenaicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T8826A200888614. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T8826A200888614.en (2021).
Andrén, H. Gulo gulo (Europe assessment) (errata version published in 2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T9561A144336120. (2018).
Kojola, I., Heikkinen, S., Mäntyniemi, S. & Ollila, T. Ahmakanta Suomessa 2021. Luonnonvarakeskus (Luke), http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-380-329-9 (2021).
Milleret, C. et al. Estimates of wolverine density, abundance, and population dynamics in Scandinavia, 2014–2022. The Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18083.32803 (2022).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Hypsugo savii (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T44856A216728458. (2023).
Trucchi, E. & Sbordoni, V. Unveiling an ancient biological invasion: molecular analysis of an old European alien, the crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata). BMC Evolutionary Biology 9, 1–10 (2009).
Mori, E., Sforzi, A. & Di Febbraro, M. From the Apennines to the Alps: recent range expansion of the crested porcupine Hystrix cristata L., 1758 (Mammalia: Rodentia: Hystricidae) in Italy. Italian Journal of Zoology 80, 469–480, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-109 (2013).
Amori, G. & De Smet, K. Hystrix cristata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T10746A22232484. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10746A22232484.en (2016).
Franchini, M., Viviano, A., Frangini, L., Filacorda, S. & Mori, E. Crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) abundance estimation using Bayesian methods: first data from a highly agricultural environment in central Italy. Mammal Research 67, 187–197, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-022-00622-w (2022).
Acevedo, P., Alzaga, V., Cassinello, J. & Gortazar, C. Habitat suitability modelling reveals a strong niche overlap between two poorly known species, the broom hare and the Pyrenean grey partridge, in the north of Spain. acta oecologica 31, 174–184, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00138.x (2007).
Ballesteros, F. & Smith, A.T. Lepus castroviejoi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T11797A503908. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T11797A503908.en (2019).
Pierpaoli, M., Riga, F., Trocchi, V. & Randi, E. Species distinction and evolutionary relationships of the Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus) as described by mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Mol Ecol 8, 1805–1817, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00766.x (1999).
Pietri, C. Range and status of the Italian hare Lepus corsicanus in Corsica. Hystrix It. J. Mamm. 26, 166–168, https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-26.2-11412 (2015).
Randi, E. & Riga, F. Lepus corsicanus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T41305A2952954. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T41305A2952954.en. (2019).
Jedrzejewski, W. et al. Population dynamics (1869–1994), demography, and home ranges of the lynx in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Poland and Belarus). Ecography 19, 122–138, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1996.tb00163.x (2006).
Sunde, P., Kvam, T., Moa, P., Negård, A. & Overskaug, K. Space use by Eurasian lynxes Lynx lynx in Central Norway. Acta Theriologica 45, 507–524, https://doi.org/10.4098/AT.arch.00-50 (2000).
Schmidt, K., RATKIEWICZ, M. & Konopiński, M. The importance of genetic variability and population differentiation in the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx for conservation, in the context of habitat and climate change. Mammal Review 41, 112–124, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00180.x (2011).
von Arx, M. Lynx lynx (Europe assessment) (errata version published in 2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T12519A145266191. (2018).
Zlatanova, D. Modelling the habitat suitability for the bear (Ursus arctos), the wolf (Canis lupus) and the lynx (Lynx lynx) in Bulgaria. Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Faculty of Biology, Department of Zoology and Anthropology (2010).
Palmero, S. et al. Demography of a Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) population within a strictly protected area in Central Europe. Scientific Reports 11, 19868, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99337-2 (2021).
Anders, O. & Middelhoff, T. L. The development of the Harz lynx population. In the Eurasian lynx in Continental Europe. CATnews Special Issue 14, Autumn 2021 (2021).
Kaczensky, P. et al. Status, Management and Distribution of Large Carnivores – Bear, Lynx, Wolf and Wolverine in Europe. Part 1. IUCN/SSC Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe https://www.europarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Kaczensky_et_al_2013_Status_management_and_distribution_of_large_carnivores_in_Europe_1.pdf (2013).
Port, M. et al. Rise and fall of a Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) stepping-stone population in central Germany. Mamm Res 66, 45–55, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-020-00527-6 (2021).
Valtonen, M., Herrero, A., Heikkinen, S. & Holmala, K. Ilveskanta Suomessa 2022. Luonnonvarakeskus (Luke), Helsinki. 25 s. https://jukuri.luke.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/552026/luke-luobio_62_2022.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (2022).
Office Français de la Biodiversité (OFB). Réseau Loup-lynx. Le portail technique de l’OFB https://professionnels.ofb.fr/fr/reseau-loup-lynx (2022).
Schnidrig, R., et al. (Eds) Lynx in the Alps: Recommendations for an internationally coordinated management. RowAlps Report Objective 3. KORA Bericht Nr. 71. KORA, Muri bei Bern, Switzerland, and BAFU, Ittigen, Switzerland, https://www.alpconv.org/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/downloads_en/2_organisation_en/organisation_thematicworkingbodies_en/Large_Carnivores__Wild_Ungulates_and_Society_Platform_-_WISO/Attachment_2_1_Recommendations_lynx.pdf (2016).
Balciauskas, L., Balčiauskienė, L., Litvaitis, J. & Tijušas, E. Citizen Scientists Showed a Four-Fold Increase of Lynx Numbers in Lithuania. Sustainability 12(22), 9777, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229777 (2020).
Bagrade, G. et al. Status assessment of Eurasian lynx in Latvia linking genetics and demography—a growing population or a source–sink process? Mamm Res 61, 337–352, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-016-0279-8 (2016).
Ozolinš, J. Status of large carnivore conservation in the Baltic States. Action plan for the conservation of Eurasian lynx. https://lciepub.nina.no/pdf/634989785051004291_COE%20Action%20plan%20for%20lynx%20in%20Latvia%202001.pdf (2001).
Lelieveld, G., Bodegom, P. & Wamelink, G. W. No place to hide: Limited forest cover hampers the availability of suitable habitat for lynx in the Netherlands. Lutra 62, 31–38, https://edepot.wur.nl/519649 (2019).
Hackländer, K., Frair, J., Ionescu, O. & Nopp-Mayr, U. Large Carnivore Monitoring in the Carpathian Mountains. A joint publication by the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation and the Secretariat of the Carpathian Convention. BOKU-Reports on Wildlife Research & Game Management 24. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. https://lciepub.nina.no/pdf/638040570557862261_BOKU%20Report%20LC%20Carnivore%20Monitoring.pdf (2021).
Salvatori, V. Mapping conservation areas for large carnivores in the Carpathian Mountains. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southampton) (2004).
Mills, L. S., Hebblewhite, M. & Eacker, D. R. Bayesian Population Viability Analysis for Lynx and Wolverine in Scandinavia. https://lciepub.nina.no/pdf/636806464697514140_Mills_PVA_lynx_gulo.pdf (Naturvårdsverket, 2018).
Rodríguez, A. & Calzada, J. Lynx pardinus (errata version published in 2020). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T12520A174111773. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12520A174111773.en. (2015).
Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico (MITECO). Censo del Lince ibérico (España y Portugal) 2021. https://www.miteco.gob.es/ (2021).
Life Lynxconnect. Censos https://lifelynxconnect.eu/censos/ (2022).
Coroiu, I. 2016. Myotis mystacinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T14134A22052250. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T14134A22052250.en (2016).
Murariu, D. & Stanciu, C. Data on the presence of Mesocricetus newtoni (Nehring, 1898) (Mammalia: Muridae: Cricetinae) in Dobrogea (Romania). Zool. Middle East (2009).
Palomo, M. J. Microtus cabrerae (Thomas, 1906). In: Mitchell-Jones, A. J. et al. (eds) The Atlas of European Mammals, 123–124. Academic Press, London (1999).
Garrido-García, J., Soriguer, R., Serrano, D. & Pardavila, X. A revision of the distribution of Cabrera’s vole (Microtus cabrerae Thomas 1906) in Andalusia (Southern Spain). Hystrix: the Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 19(2), https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-19.2-4422 (2009)
Pita, R., Mira, A. & Beja, P. Microtus cabrerae (Rodentia: Cricetidae). Mammalian Species 912, 48–70, https://doi.org/10.1644/912.1 (2014).
Fernandes, M., Pita, R. & Mira, A. Microtus cabrerae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T13418A90931498. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T13418A90931498.en (2019).
Zima, J., Vohralík, V. & Martínková, N. Microtus tatricus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T13464A3991347. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T13464A3991347.en (2008).
Kłys, G. C. et al. The Tatra Pine Vole Microtus tatricus will it survive in lower mountain locations? Rocznik Muzeum Górnośląskiego w Bytomiu Przyroda 29, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8220390 (2023)
Cistrone, L., Russo, D. & Aulagnier, S. Miniopterus schreibersii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T230918147A230918550. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T230918147A230918550.en. (2023).
Froidevaux, J. S. P. et al. A species-level trait dataset of bats in Europe and beyond. Sci Data 10, 253, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02157-4 (2023).
Ludwig, M., Sutcliffe, L. & Büchner, S. Monitoring of the hazel dormouse under the EU Habitats Directive in member states around the Baltic Sea. Bundesamt für Naturschutz–Skripten, Bonn, Germany https://bfn.bsz-bw.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/1038/file/Skript621.pdf (2022).
Hutterer, R. et al. Muscardinus avellanarius (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13992A110268032. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13992A22222242.en (2016).
Hutterer, R. et al. Muscardinus avellanarius (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T13992A197519168. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T13992A197519168.en (2021).
Tikhonov, A. et al. Mustela eversmanii (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T29679A9525197 (2007).
Šálek, M. et al. Population status, habitat associations, and distribution of the steppe polecat Mustela eversmanii in Europe. Acta Theriol 58, 233–244, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-013-0134-0 (2013).
Kryštufek, B. Myomimus roachi (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T14087A4389022. (2007).
Dando, T. Myomimus roachi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T14087A90688844. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T14087A90688844.en (2022).
Hutson, A.M. & Paunović, M. Myotis alcathoe. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T136680A518740. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136680A518740.en (2016).
Kmiecik, P. et al. The northernmost findings of the Alcathoe bat (Myotis alcathoe von Helversen & Heller, 2001) in Poland. Theriologia Ukrainica 2020, 90–95, https://doi.org/10.15407/TU1909 (2020).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Myotis alcathoe (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T136680A211000029. (2023).
Hutson, T. et al. Myotis aurascens (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T136553A4310180. (2007).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Myotis bechsteinii (Europe assessment) (errata version published in 2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T14123A254039732. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T14123A254039732.en (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Myotis blythii (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T14124A216723705. (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Myotis brandtii (Europe assessment) (errata version published in 2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T85566997A254041716. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T85566997A254041716.en (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Myotis capaccinii (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T14126A216724016. (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Myotis dasycneme (Europe assessment) (errata version published in 2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T14127A254043181. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T14127A254043181.en (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Myotis daubentonii (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T85342710A211002396. (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Myotis emarginatus (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T14129A216724547. (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Myotis myotis (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T14133A216724842. (2023).
Coroiu, I. Myotis mystacinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T14134A22052250. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T14134A22052250.en (2016).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Myotis nattereri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T215492021A211005466. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T215492021A211005466.en (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Myotis punicus (Europe assessment) (errata version published in 2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T44864A254046280. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T44864A254046280.en (2023).
Fichera, G. et al. Pantelleria Island (Sicily, Italy): a biogeographic crossroad for bats between Africa and Europe Short title: Pantelleria island a biogeographic crossroad for bats Corresponding author. Hystrix, 33(2):135-138, https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-00503-2021 (2022).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Nyctalus azoreum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T14922A211008291. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T14922A211008291.en (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Nyctalus lasiopterus (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T14918A216725407. (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Nyctalus leisleri (Europe assessment) (errata version published in 2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T14919A254050331. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T14919A254050331.en (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Nyctalus noctula (Europe assessment) (errata version published in 2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T14920A254051349. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T14920A254051349.en (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Pipistrellus hanaki (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T136209A210990338. (2023).
Shpak, A. & Larchanka, A. Range expansion of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii) into Belarus. Proceedings of the Theriological School 2016, 99–102, https://doi.org/10.15407/ptt2016.14.099 (2016).
Ancillotto, L., Santini, L., Ranc, N., Maiorano, L. & Russo, D. Extraordinary range expansion in a common bat: the potential roles of climate change and urbanisation. Sci. Nat. 103, 15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-016-1334-7 (2016).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Pipistrellus kuhlii (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T17314A216726231. Accessed on 12 March 2025. (2023).
Alcalde, J. T. et al. Transcontinental 2200 km migration of a Nathusius’ pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii) across Europe. Mammalia 85, 161–163, https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2020-0069 (2021).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Pipistrellus maderensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T17315A211010717. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T17315A211010717.en (2023)
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Pipistrellus pygmaeus (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T136649A216729008. (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Plecotus auritus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T85535522A211015413. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T85535522A211015413.en (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Plecotus austriacus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T85533333A211018209. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T85533333A211018209.en (2023).
Ancillotto, L., Mori, E., Bosso, L., Agnelli, P. & Russo, D. The Balkan long-eared bat (Plecotus kolombatovici) occurs in Italy – first confirmed record and potential distribution. Mammalian Biology – Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 94, 85–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2019.01.002 (2019).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Plecotus kolombatovici (Europe assessment) (errata version published in 2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T216518463A254075273. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T216518463A254075273.en (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Plecotus macrobullaris (Europe assessment) (errata version published in 2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T136229A254077086. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T136229A254077086.en (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Plecotus sardus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T136503A211020578. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T136503A211020578.en (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Plecotus teneriffae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T215482954A211021391. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T215482954A211021391.en (2023).
Shar, S., Lkhagvasuren, D., Henttonen, H., Maran, T. & Hanski, I. Pteromys volans (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T18702A115144995. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T18702A22270935.en (2016).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Rhinolophus blasii (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T19515A216726767. (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Rhinolophus euryale (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T19516A216726945. (2023).
De Paz, O., R, F. & Benzal, J. El anillamiento de quirópteros en el centro de la Península Ibérica durante el periodo 1977-1986. Boletín de la Estación Central de Ecología 30, 113–138 (1996).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T19517A216727156. (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Rhinolophus hipposideros (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T19518A216727479. (2025).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Rhinolophus mehelyi (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T19519A216727798. (2023).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Rousettus aegyptiacus (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T29730A211021855. (2023).
Herrero, J., (ed.) El Sarrio Pirenaico: Rupicapra p. pyrenaica: Biología, Patología y Gestión. Gobierno de Aragón, Departamento de Medio Ambiente (2004).
Herrero, J., Lovari, S., Nores, C. & Toigo, C. Rupicapra pyrenaica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T19771A171131310. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19771A171131310.en (2020).
Dupré, E., Monaco, A. & Pedrotti, L. (eds) Piano d’azione nazionale per il Camoscio appenninico (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata). Quad. Cons. Natura 10, Min. Ambiente – Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica (2001).
Corlatti, L., Lorenzini, R. & Lovari, S. The conservation of the chamois Rupicapra spp. Mammal Review 41, 163–174, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00187.x (2011).
Anderwald, P. et al. Rupicapra rupicapra (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T39255A195863093. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39255A195863093.en (2021).
Vengušt, G. et al. Passive disease surveillance of alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) in Slovenia between 2000 and 2020. Animals 12, 1119, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091119 (2022).
Cserkész, T. Sicista trizona (errata version published in 2022). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T92332716A217342457. (2019).
European Mammal Assessment team. Sciurus anomalus (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T20000A9131080. (2007).
Zannetos, S. P., Zevgolis, Y. G., Christopoulos, A. & Akriotis, T. Assessing habitat suitability of the Persian Squirrel in the island of Lesvos, Greece. Hystrix Ital. J. Mammal, 33(2), 193-197, https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-00549-2022 (2022)
Meinig, H., Zagorodnyuk, I., Henttonen, H., Zima, J. & Coroiu, I. Sicista betulina (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T20184A115156920. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20184A22203739.en (2016).
Kennerley, R., Zagorodnyuk, I. & Cserkész, T. Sicista loriger (errata version published in 2022). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T110500058A217342618. (2017).
Hegyeli, Z. Spermophilus citellus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T20472A91282380. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T20472A91282380.en (2020).
Ferguson, A. & Kennerley, R. Spermophilus suslicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T20492A95536261. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T20492A95536261.en (2021).
Amorim, F., Mata, V. A., Beja, P. & Rebelo, H. Effects of a drought episode on the reproductive success of European free-tailed bats (Tadarida teniotis). Mammalian Biology 80, 228–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2015.01.005 (2015).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Tadarida teniotis (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T21311A216727980. (2023).
Veeroja, R., Männil, P., Jõgisalu, I. & Kübarsepp, M. Ulukiasurkondade seisund ja küttimissoovitus 2015. Keskkonnaagentuur, Tartu https://keskkonnaportaal.ee/sites/default/files/2021-12/Ulukid/seirearuanded/Ulukiasurkondade%20seisund%20ja%20k%C3%BCttimissoovitus%202015.pdf (2015).
Gonzalez, E. G. et al. Genetic and demographic recovery of an isolated population of brown bear Ursus arctos L., 1758. PeerJ 4, e1928, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1928 (2016).
Blanco, J. C., Ballesteros, F., Palomero, G. & López-Bao, J. V. Not exodus, but population increase and gene flow restoration in Cantabrian brown bear (Ursus arctos) subpopulations. Comment on Gregório et al. 2020. Plos one 15, e0240698, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240698 (2020).
López-Bao, J. V. et al. Monitoring of the expanding Cantabrian brown bear population. (Chapter 2) in Cantabrian Bears. Demography, coexistence and conservation challenges. Brown Bear Foundation, Spanish Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge and Lynx Editions, Barcelona (2021).
Vanpé, C. et al. Estimating abundance of a recovering transboundary brown bear population with capture-recapture models. Peer Community Journal 2, https://doi.org/10.24072/pcjournal.199 (2022).
Heikkinen, S., Kojola, I., Mäntyniemi, S. Karhukanta Suomessa 2021. Luonnonvara- ja biotalouden tutkimus 32/2022. Luonnonvarakeskus. Helsinki. 16 s. https://jukuri.luke.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/551752/luke-luobio_32_2022.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (2021).
Pylidis, C. et al. Multisource noninvasive genetics of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Greece reveals a highly structured population and a new matrilineal contact zone in southern Europe. Ecology and Evolution 11, 6427–6443, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7493 (2021).
Skrbinšek, P. T., Konec, M., Bragalanti, N., Calderola, S. & Groff, C. Annual population status report for brown bears in northern Dinaric Mountains and central‐eastern Alps. DINALP Bear Project. https://dinalpbear.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/PopulationStatusReport2018_V1.pdf (2018).
Gervasi, V. & Ciucci, P. Demographic projections of the Apennine brown bear population Ursus arctos marsicanus (Mammalia: Ursidae) under alternative management scenarios. The European Zoological Journal 85, 242–252, https://doi.org/10.1080/24750263.2018.1478003 (2018).
Groff, C. et al. Rapporto Grandi carnivori 2021 del Servizio Faunistico della Provincia Autonoma di Trento. Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento https://grandicarnivori.provincia.tn.it/content/download/15225/261518/file/Rapporto_Grandi_Carnivori_2022.pdf (2022).
Ozoliņš, J. et al. Action Plan for Brown Bear Ursus arctos Conservation. LSFRI Silava, Salaspils: 1–58 https://www.daba.gov.lv/lv/media/5901/download?attachment (2018).
Bischof, R. et al. Estimating and forecasting spatial population dynamics of apex predators using transnational genetic monitoring. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, 30531–30538, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011383117 (2020).
Russo, D. & Cistrone, L. Vespertilio murinus (Europe assessment) (errata version published in 2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T22947A254077486. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22947A254077486.en (2023).
Abramov, A.V., Kranz, A. & Maran, T. Vormela peregusna. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T29680A45203971. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29680A45203971.en (2016).
Angerbjörn, A. & Tannerfeldt, M. Vulpes lagopus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T899A57549321. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T899A57549321.en (2014).
Eide, N. E. et al. Status and conservation goals for the critically endangered Arctic fox in Scandinavia. When is the mission completed? Abstracts-7th European Congress of Mammalogy (2015).
Simon, A. et al. Dynamics and persistence of rabies in the Arctic. Polar Research 38, https://doi.org/10.33265/polar.v38.3366 (2019).
IUCN. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 16, https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines (2024)
Drake, J. M., Berec, L. & Kramer, A. M. Allee Effects. in Encyclopedia of Ecology (Second Edition) (ed. Fath, B.) Elsevier, Oxford, 6–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10587-1 (2019).
Piovesan, G., Cannon, C. H., Liu, J. & Munné-Bosch, S. Ancient trees: irreplaceable conservation resource for ecosystem restoration. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 37, 1025–1028, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.09.003 (2022).
Lee, H. et al. IPCC, 2023: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report, Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee & J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1–34, https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.001 (2023).
Boitani, L. & Linnell, J. D. Bringing Large Mammals Back: Large Carnivores in Europe. Springer pp. 67–84, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12039-3_4 (2016).
RStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development for R, version 4.3.0, RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.com/ (2020).
GRASS Development Team. Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) Software, Version 7.8. Open Source Geospatial Foundation. https://grass.osgeo.org (2020).
Shaffer, M. L. Population Viability Analysis. In Challenges in the Conservation of Biological Resources (eds. Decker, D. J. et al.), Routledge, New York pp. 107–118, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429046650-12 (2019).
Pacifici, M. et al. Generation length for mammals. Nat. Conserv. 5, 87–94, https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.5.5734 (2013).
Di Marco, M. et al. Using habitat suitability models to scale up population persistence targets. Hystrix Ital. J. Mammal, 27, https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-27.1-11660 (2016)
Lumbierres, M. et al. Area of Habitat maps for the world’s terrestrial birds and mammals. Sci Data 9, 749, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01838-w (2022).
D’Alessio, A. 2030 conservation targets for European terrestrial mammals using the favourable conservation status concept. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15025485 (2025).
Lüdecke, D., Ben Shachar, M., Patil, I., Waggoner, P. & Makowski, D. performance: An R Package for Assessment, Comparison and Testing of Statistical Models. The Journal of Open Source Software 6, 3139, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03139 (2021).
Wilcoxon, F. Some Uses of Statistics in Plant Pathology. Biometrics Bulletin 1, 41–45, https://doi.org/10.2307/3002011 (1945).
Sayre, N. F. The Genesis, History, and Limits of Carrying Capacity. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98, 120–134, https://doi.org/10.1080/00045600701734356 (2008).
Guisan, A. & Thuiller, W. Predicting species distribution: offering more than simple habitat models. Ecology Letters 8, 993–1009, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00792.x (2005).
Macdonald, E. A. et al. Identifying ambassador species for conservation marketing. Global Ecology and Conservation 12, 204–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2017.11.006 (2017).
Ripple, W. J. et al. Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores. Science 343, 1241484, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241484 (2014).